Seizures can be alarming events, both for the individuals experiencing them and for those who witness them. Knowing how to respond appropriately can make a significant difference in ensuring the safety of the person having a seizure. This guide covers the different types of seizures and the first aid measures you should know.

Types of Seizures

Seizures can be broadly classified into two categories: generalized and focal seizures. Understanding these categories is crucial for providing effective first aid.

1. Generalized Seizures

Generalized seizures affect both sides of the brain and include several subtypes:

• Tonic-Clonic Seizures: Characterized by stiffening of the body followed by rhythmic jerking, tonic-clonic seizures can last for a few minutes.
• Absence Seizures: Briefly disrupt consciousness, often mistaken for daydreaming. These can last mere seconds and may occur multiple times a day.
• Atonic Seizures: Known as "drop seizures," these cause sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to falls.

2. Focal Seizures

Focal seizures, also known as partial seizures, originate in a specific area of the brain. They can be divided into:

• Focal Aware Seizures: The person remains aware and may experience unusual sensations or movements.
• Focal Impaired Awareness Seizures: The person may lose awareness and exhibit repetitive movements or behavior.

First Aid Protocol for Seizures

Regardless of the type of seizure, there are general first aid steps you should follow:

During a Seizure

• Stay Calm: Your composure can help reassure others around you.
• Time the Seizure: If it lasts longer than five minutes, seek medical help immediately.
• Protect the Person: Move nearby objects out of the way and cushion their head to prevent injury.
• Turn Them on Their Side: This helps keep the airway clear and prevents choking.
• Do Not Restrain: Avoid holding the person down, as this can lead to injury.
• Do Not Put Anything in Their Mouth: This can lead to choking and is a common myth associated with seizure care.

After a Seizure

• Stay With the Person: Offer reassurance as they regain consciousness and help them into a comfortable position.
• Monitor for Confusion: It is common to experience postictal confusion. Allow them time to recover.
• Document the Event: Keep track of the duration and characteristics of the seizure for medical purposes.

When to Call for Help

It's important to know when to seek professional assistance. Call emergency services if:

• The seizure lasts longer than five minutes.
• The person has another seizure immediately after.
• The person is injured or has difficulty breathing.
• The individual does not regain consciousness after the seizure.

Conclusion

Understanding the different types of seizures and knowing how to respond can provide reassurance and safety for both patients and bystanders. By following these first aid guidelines, you can help someone navigate a seizure event with confidence and care.